one-rom

One ROM

One ROM - One ROM To Rule Them All

The most flexible and powerful ROM replacement for your retro computer. A single Raspberry Pi RP2350-base board in the footprint of the original chip emulates 24, 28, 32 and 40 pin mask ROMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, bipolar PROMs and some SRAM — and then does things the original never could. It serves several ROM sockets at once, switches images at runtime, reprograms over USB without leaving the socket, talks back to the machine it is installed in, and runs your own code as plugins.

Thousands of One ROMs are installed in Commodore 64s, VIC-20s, PETs, Amigas, BBCs, Ataris, TIs, Apple IIs, disk drives, IBM PCs, pinball machines, drum machines, synthesizers and more. It is open source hardware and software, it is cheap to make, and it is actively maintained and developed.

New to One ROM?

Start at onerom.org. That is where the project is explained and supported:

• What One ROM is and why — the overview, with pictures
• Getting started — install it, program it, use it
• Buy one — known vendors, if you’d rather not fab your own
• Program from your browser — no software to install

The rest of this README is for people who want to build One ROM, hack on it, or build things on top of it. If you just want a working ROM replacement, onerom.org will get you there faster.

Ways in

One ROM is designed to be extended in many different ways.

I want to…	Start here	Steps
Drive a device from scripts or my own tooling	Programming a One ROM, CLI manual	Install and run the CLI
Fab and assemble existing boards	hardware/pcb	Upload gerbers and BOM/POS files to a fab
Commission boards I’ve made	Commissioning	Request an authorised signing key or submit a signing request for a board
Build the firmware myself	Building from source	Use make or the build container
Use the header pins as GPIOs — reset the host, drive a line	Driving the host	One command, plus a wire for host reset
Add support for a chip type One ROM doesn’t know	Adding a chip type	A JSON entry plus one line of Rust or a firmware and tooling update if no existing serving algorithm fits
Add support for a new board revision	rust/config/json	A new JSON file once the board is designed
Write a plugin — from scratch, or from a working one	Plugins, firmware/ora/examples	C, against a stable API
Talk to the retro machine from the ROM socket	RBCP	6502 and 68000 host code provided
Build host-side tools of my own	Rust crates	Rust, on published crates
Read and test real ROM chips	One ROM Lab	Flash Lab to a spare Fire board
Add a serving algorithm, or change how serving works	How the firmware works	Bare metal C, PIO and DMA, plus Rust tooling
Design a new board	hardware/pcb	KiCad

Hardware

One ROM comes in two families:

• Fire — RP2350, in 24, 28, 32 and 40 pin variants, latest boards include an RGB NeoPixel. All development happens for these boards.
• Ice — STM32F4, 24 pin only. Legacy: still supported with 0.6.x firmware, but it is not being enhanced. The 0.7.x firmware and the CLI do not support it.

All the design files needed to manufacture your own are in hardware/pcb. Start with the recommended revisions and read the fabrication notes in the same file before you order. Boards can be fabbed and assembled at JLCPCB and other manufacturers cheaply.

Three One ROM Fire 24s in a Commodore 64, serving BASIC, KERNAL and the character ROM.

Programming a One ROM

There are three tools, all doing the same job over USB:

• One ROM Web — browser based, nothing to install, the best choice for most people.
• One ROM CLI — the full device tool, and what the examples below use (rust/cli).
• One ROM Studio — native desktop GUI for Windows, macOS and Linux (rust/studio).

The CLI is the complete interface: everything the device can do is reachable from it. Full reference in the CLI manual.

Find what is connected:

onerom scan

Build an image from a config file and flash it:

onerom program --config onerom-config/vic20-pal.json

Program chips straight from the command line, without a config file, adding the USB plugin so the device stays on the bus while it serves:

onerom program --slot file=kernal.901227-03.bin,type=2364,cs1=active-low --plugin usb

Build a firmware binary without touching a device, and look inside one:

onerom firmware build --config onerom-config/vic20-pal.json --board fire-24-e --output /tmp/onerom.bin
onerom firmware inspect --firmware /tmp/onerom.bin

Read and write the ROM image live, while the host is running from it:

onerom peek live --address 0x100 --length 64
onerom poke live --address 0x100 --byte 0xEA

Driving the host — GPIO and reset

The image select and X pins are not just jumpers. They are GPIOs, and One ROM will drive them for you — which means the ROM socket becomes a way to manipulate the machine it is plugged into.

Run a wire from a pin to the host’s reset line and you can reset the machine after flashing a new image:

onerom control reset --pin sel_c

sel_c is a common choice — more boards have it than have X pins, and it is 5V tolerant where it exists. Any pin works with --pin.

A One ROM Fire 40 in an Amiga A500, with Sel_C wired to the 68000's reset line.

You can see what every pin is and what it is currently doing:

onerom inspect gpio --all
onerom inspect socket --chip-type 2364 --gpio

The same GPIOs are available to plugins, so a plugin can drive them autonomously — hold the host in reset until something is ready, blink an external LED on ROM activity, or drive whatever you have wired up.

Plugins

Serving runs entirely on PIO and DMA, so both CPU cores are free. Plugins are separate binaries, written in C against a stable API in firmware/ora, that run on those cores while serving continues. Two run at once. This is how One ROM gains functionality without needing to fork the core firmware.

There are two types, system and user. The difference is resources, not authorship — each is built for a different flash slot with a different RAM and stack allocation, and you can write either. System is intended for official One ROM plugins such as the USB stack, but nothing stops you replacing it with your own.

Plugin	Type	What it does
usb	system	The device’s own USB stack, so a running One ROM stays on the bus. Exposes the ROM being served for live read and write, and the picobootx extended PICOBOOT interface.
host-control	user	A full RBCP implementation.
rgb	user	Cycles the NeoPixel on RGB boards. Superseded by the USB plugin’s RGB support, reached with onerom control rgb.
activity	user	Blinks the status LED when the host is reading the ROM.
blink	user	Minimal example.

The firmware passes each plugin a lookup function at startup. The plugin calls it with the ID of the facility it wants, and gets back a function pointer. Available that way: status LED and GPIO control, device and firmware metadata, logging, memory allocation, the ROM and RAM slots being served, and the address monitor that reports what the host is reading — which is what RBCP is built on. New IDs are only ever added, never changed, and each plugin declares the minimum firmware version it needs, which the firmware enforces before launching it.

Start with plugins/README.md for how plugins are built and configured, firmware/ora/api.h for the API, and firmware/ora/examples for worked examples — including one that patches the C64 kernal live and one that drives an LED from character ROM accesses.

RBCP — talking to the host system

The ROM Bus Control Protocol is bidirectional communication between a retro machine and the ROM emulator installed in it, carried over nothing but the ROM’s own address and data buses. No extra wiring. The machine reads and writes ROM addresses, and One ROM interprets them.

That opens up things a ROM socket has no business being able to do:

• remote debugging of code running on real hardware
• ROM-based bootloaders — grub for the C64
• dynamic patching of games and demos as they run

The device side is the host-control plugin. The specification lives in the RBCP repository, along with reference host implementations for 6502 and 68000 — generic routines plus sample C64 kernal and Amiga Kickstart bootloaders.

One ROM Lab

One ROM Lab is alternate firmware for a spare Fire board that turns its ROM socket into a bus reader and tester. Flash it, connect over USB, and you get an interactive shell.

Read a real chip in the socket, as a checksum, a hexdump or Intel HEX. Verify that a One ROM under test serves the right bytes and tristates its data lines when deselected. Auto-detect chip select polarity on an unmarked mask ROM by brute-forcing the combinations. Dump the board’s pin map, socket pin to signal to GPIO. It is what Fire 40 boards are tested with before they ship.

cd rust/lab && scripts/flash.sh

Building from source

Dependencies are listed in INSTALL.md, or use the build container. The ARM and Emscripten toolchain versions are pinned (ci/arm-toolchain-version, ci/emscripten-version), as are the documentation tools that render the PDF editions (ci/pandoc-version, ci/weasyprint-version), so a firmware binary is byte-identical wherever it is built.

Build the base firmware:

make

That produces firmware/build/onerom-rp235x.bin — one binary, for every Fire board. The ROM images, chip configuration and plugins are composed onto it by the host-side tools. To flash your build rather than a downloaded release, pass it explicitly:

onerom program --config onerom-config/vic20-pal.json --base-firmware firmware/build/onerom-rp235x.bin

How the firmware works

Worth knowing before you go digging in firmware/:

It is fully bare metal. No SDK, no HAL — not pico-sdk, not a vendor library. C with its own startup code and its own linker scripts to keep it lean.

Serving runs on PIO and DMA. The RP2350’s PIO state machines watch the address and chip select lines and DMA the right byte onto the data pins. The CPU is not in the critical path, which is what leaves both cores free for plugins.

The chip type is not compiled in. The firmware knows nothing about a 2364 or a 27C400. It has a small set of parameterised serving algorithms, and the host-side generator works out which algorithm and what arguments a given chip on a given board needs, then writes that into the firmware metadata.

It is one binary for all boards. Board differences are metadata too.

Bad configuration is visible, not silent. An image the firmware cannot make sense of drops it into limp mode, with an special LED blink pattern.

The PIO programs are assembled on the device, at boot. Which program is needed depends on the chip, the board’s pin mapping and the configuration in flash, none of which are known at build time. apio assembles them in C at runtime, and disassembles them so a generated program can be read back and checked.

Regression tested off-hardware

Every push runs the real firmware C — the source that ships on devices, not a model of it — compiled for the host and linked against epio, a cycle-exact RP2350 PIO emulator, then driven over emulated bus cycles.

The sweep is hundreds of test runs covering all Fire board revisions, all supported chip types, every configuration shape the firmware offers — single, banked, multi-chip, 16-bit — and every chip select polarity combination. Every address of every image is compared against an independent copy, which is 10s of millions of byte-level comparisons, plus checks that the data bus tristates for every non-selected control line combination.

The plugin API is covered down to all API IDs, and the host-control plugin’s own C source is run against a full suite of conformance tests whose basis is the protocol specification rather than the implementation.

CS-to-data latency is asserted to the exact cycle in both directions, so serving getting a cycle slower — or a cycle faster, which would mean the check had stopped discriminating — fails the build.

What it does not do today is anything analogue — voltage levels, bus loading, propagation delay at a real pin — or USB. Those need a board, which is what One ROM Lab is for.

Rust crates

The host-side tooling is a Cargo workspace in rust/. The crates marked published are on crates.io, for host-side Rust development.

Crate	Published	What it is for
onerom-gen	✓	Generates ROM images and firmware metadata. The heart of the toolchain — turns a config plus some ROM files into something flashable.
onerom-config	✓	The config model: chip types, board definitions, pin maps, JSON schema.
onerom-fw	✓	Fetches One ROM base firmware and ROM images.
onerom-fw-parser	✓	Reads metadata back out of a firmware binary — what chips, what board, what version.
onerom-metadata	✓	The embedded metadata schema itself.
onerom-lab-metadata	✓	One ROM Lab’s metadata structures.
onerom-lab-parser	✓	Reads One ROM Lab’s metadata structures from a device or an image.
onerom-metadata-gen	✓	Turns a metadata schema into C headers and Rust source.
onerom-cli	✓	Everything the CLI does, minus the command line parsing. Build on it rather than reimplementing USB device logic. The CLI binary is released at onerom.org/cli.
onerom-app	✓	Transport-free logic shared by the CLI, Studio and the web tools.
onerom-studio		The desktop GUI, released at onerom.org/studio.
onerom-lab		One ROM Lab, above.
onerom-lab-bus		One ROM Lab’s host bus timing.
onerom-signing-server		Signs commissioning instances.
onerom-lens		One ROM Lens — compiles the firmware emulator to WebAssembly and draws PIO and DMA activity as waveforms in a browser, cycle by cycle.
onerom-fw-emulator		Compiles and runs the real firmware C on a host, PIOs and all.
onerom-fw-tester		Drives the emulator with generated configurations and checks the results.
onerom-plugin-tester		The harness a plugin tester is built from — runs a plugin’s own C against the emulated firmware.
onerom-rbcp-host		An RBCP host. One ROM Lab uses it to query a One ROM over the ROM bus.
onerom-rbcp-tester		Drives the host-control plugin over emulated ROM bus cycles, as an RBCP host would.
onerom-usb-tester		Drives the USB system plugin’s commands, log forwarding and GPIO control.
onerom-fw-driver, onerom-fw-geometry		Pin geometry and GPIO bitmask helpers, shared and dependency-free by design.
fw-config-gen, schema-gen		Code and schema generators.
doc-gen		Checks the values in docs/ and onerom-config/README.md.

For in-browser use, one-rom-wasm wraps onerom-gen as WASM, and is what the browser programmer in one-rom-site is built on.

What is in this repository

Directory	Contents
firmware/	The core firmware: C and Thumb assembly, bare metal. ora/ is the plugin API.
plugins/	System and user plugins.
rust/	The Cargo workspace — CLI, Studio, generators, emulator, Lab, Lens.
hardware/pcb/	KiCad designs, per board revision, verified and unverified.
onerom-config/	Ready-made JSON configs for some common systems, and the config schema.
docs/	Documentation, including the generated chip and compatibility references.
ci/	Build, test and lint scripts, and the reproducible build container.
images/	Test ROM images.
demo/	Demonstration programs for the retro side.

Documentation

Topic	Description
CLI Manual	Complete reference for the onerom command line tool.
Chip Types	Every chip type One ROM knows about, with pinouts and control lines.
Compatibility	Which chips each hardware variant can emulate, and at what flash cost.
Adding a Chip Type	Teaching One ROM to emulate a chip it does not yet know.
Commissioning	Setting a One ROM’s hardware settings.
Image Selection	Telling One ROM which installed image to serve.
Logging	Reading One ROM’s log, over USB or with a debug probe.
Image Sets	Serving several ROMs at once, and dynamic bank switching.
Plugins	Building, configuring and writing plugins.
Build Container	Building the firmware reproducibly in Docker.
ROMs Glorious ROMs	Everything you wanted to know about 23/27 series ROMs but were afraid to ask.
Second Flash	How One ROM handles a second flash chip connected to the RP2350
Changelog	What changed, and when.

The CLI manual, chip type and compatibility references are also published as PDFs, in A4 and US Letter, at onerom.org/docs.

More in docs/ — flash layout, voltage levels, using a Pi Pico as an SWD programmer — plus INSTALL.md for build dependencies and LICENSE.md.

Videos

Why use One ROM:

The hardware family:

Related repositories

Repository	What it is
rom-bus-control-protocol	The RBCP specification, and 6502/68000 reference host implementations.
one-rom-site	onerom.org, including the browser programmer.
one-rom-images	images.onerom.org — firmware images, configs, plugin manifests.
one-rom-wasm	WASM build of onerom-gen, for in-browser firmware generation.
picoboot	Host-side Rust crate for the RP2350 PICOBOOT USB interface.
picobootx	Device-side PICOBOOT extension, exposed by the USB plugin.
apio	Runtime RP2350 PIO assembler and disassembler.
epio	Cycle-exact RP2350 PIO emulator.

Problems

Raise an issue at the project issues page or start a thread at GitHub Discussions. Please include:

• your One ROM PCB type and revision (or a photo if you’re unsure)
• the retro system you are using it with
• details of the problem.

Contributing

Pull requests are welcome — firmware, tools, hardware and documentation. If you write a plugin you think others would want to use, consider contributing it so it can be published. The plugins publishing process is documented in plugins/CONTRIBUTIONS

License

See LICENSE for software and hardware licensing information, and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS for third party work One ROM builds on or is compatible with.