evm-opcodes

Ethereum VM (EVM) Opcodes and Instruction Reference

This reference consolidates EVM opcode information from the yellow paper, stack exchange, solidity source, parity source, evm-opcode-gas-costs and Manticore.

New issues and contributions are welcome, and are covered by bounties from Trail of Bits. Join us in #ethereum on the Empire Hacking Slack to discuss Ethereum security tool development.

Notes

The size of a “word” in EVM is 256 bits.

The gas information is a work in progress. If an asterisk is in the Gas column, the base cost is shown but may vary based on the opcode arguments.

Table

Opcode	Name	Description	Extra Info	Gas
0x00	STOP	Halts execution	-	0
0x01	ADD	Addition operation	-	3
0x02	MUL	Multiplication operation	-	5
0x03	SUB	Subtraction operation	-	3
0x04	DIV	Integer division operation	-	5
0x05	SDIV	Signed integer division operation (truncated)	-	5
0x06	MOD	Modulo remainder operation	-	5
0x07	SMOD	Signed modulo remainder operation	-	5
0x08	ADDMOD	Modulo addition operation	-	8
0x09	MULMOD	Modulo multiplication operation	-	8
0x0a	EXP	Exponential operation	-	10*
0x0b	SIGNEXTEND	Extend length of two’s complement signed integer	-	5
0x0c - 0x0f	Unused	Unused	-
0x10	LT	Less-than comparison	-	3
0x11	GT	Greater-than comparison	-	3
0x12	SLT	Signed less-than comparison	-	3
0x13	SGT	Signed greater-than comparison	-	3
0x14	EQ	Equality comparison	-	3
0x15	ISZERO	Simple not operator	-	3
0x16	AND	Bitwise AND operation	-	3
0x17	OR	Bitwise OR operation	-	3
0x18	XOR	Bitwise XOR operation	-	3
0x19	NOT	Bitwise NOT operation	-	3
0x1a	BYTE	Retrieve single byte from word	-	3
0x1b	SHL	Shift Left	EIP145	3
0x1c	SHR	Logical Shift Right	EIP145	3
0x1d	SAR	Arithmetic Shift Right	EIP145	3
0x20	KECCAK256	Compute Keccak-256 hash	-	30*
0x21 - 0x2f	Unused	Unused
0x30	ADDRESS	Get address of currently executing account	-	2
0x31	BALANCE	Get balance of the given account	-	700
0x32	ORIGIN	Get execution origination address	-	2
0x33	CALLER	Get caller address	-	2
0x34	CALLVALUE	Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for this execution	-	2
0x35	CALLDATALOAD	Get input data of current environment	-	3
0x36	CALLDATASIZE	Get size of input data in current environment	-	2*
0x37	CALLDATACOPY	Copy input data in current environment to memory	-	3
0x38	CODESIZE	Get size of code running in current environment	-	2
0x39	CODECOPY	Copy code running in current environment to memory	-	3*
0x3a	GASPRICE	Get price of gas in current environment	-	2
0x3b	EXTCODESIZE	Get size of an account’s code	-	700
0x3c	EXTCODECOPY	Copy an account’s code to memory	-	700*
0x3d	RETURNDATASIZE	Pushes the size of the return data buffer onto the stack	EIP 211	2
0x3e	RETURNDATACOPY	Copies data from the return data buffer to memory	EIP 211	3
0x3f	EXTCODEHASH	Returns the keccak256 hash of a contract’s code	EIP 1052	700
0x40	BLOCKHASH	Get the hash of one of the 256 most recent complete blocks	-	20
0x41	COINBASE	Get the block’s beneficiary address	-	2
0x42	TIMESTAMP	Get the block’s timestamp	-	2
0x43	NUMBER	Get the block’s number	-	2
0x44	DIFFICULTY	Get the block’s difficulty	-	2
0x45	GASLIMIT	Get the block’s gas limit	-	2
0x46	CHAINID	Returns the current chain’s EIP-155 unique identifier	EIP 1344	2
0x47 - 0x4f	Unused	-
0x48	BASEFEE	Returns the value of the base fee of the current block it is executing in.	EIP 3198	2
0x50	POP	Remove word from stack	-	2
0x51	MLOAD	Load word from memory	-	3*
0x52	MSTORE	Save word to memory	-	3*
0x53	MSTORE8	Save byte to memory	-	3
0x54	SLOAD	Load word from storage	-	800
0x55	SSTORE	Save word to storage	-	20000**
0x56	JUMP	Alter the program counter	-	8
0x57	JUMPI	Conditionally alter the program counter	-	10
0x58	GETPC	Get the value of the program counter prior to the increment	-	2
0x59	MSIZE	Get the size of active memory in bytes	-	2
0x5a	GAS	Get the amount of available gas, including the corresponding reduction for the cost of this instruction	-	2
0x5b	JUMPDEST	Mark a valid destination for jumps	-	1
0x5c - 0x5f	Unused	-
0x60	PUSH1	Place 1 byte item on stack	-	3
0x61	PUSH2	Place 2-byte item on stack	-	3
0x62	PUSH3	Place 3-byte item on stack	-	3
0x63	PUSH4	Place 4-byte item on stack	-	3
0x64	PUSH5	Place 5-byte item on stack	-	3
0x65	PUSH6	Place 6-byte item on stack	-	3
0x66	PUSH7	Place 7-byte item on stack	-	3
0x67	PUSH8	Place 8-byte item on stack	-	3
0x68	PUSH9	Place 9-byte item on stack	-	3
0x69	PUSH10	Place 10-byte item on stack	-	3
0x6a	PUSH11	Place 11-byte item on stack	-	3
0x6b	PUSH12	Place 12-byte item on stack	-	3
0x6c	PUSH13	Place 13-byte item on stack	-	3
0x6d	PUSH14	Place 14-byte item on stack	-	3
0x6e	PUSH15	Place 15-byte item on stack	-	3
0x6f	PUSH16	Place 16-byte item on stack	-	3
0x70	PUSH17	Place 17-byte item on stack	-	3
0x71	PUSH18	Place 18-byte item on stack	-	3
0x72	PUSH19	Place 19-byte item on stack	-	3
0x73	PUSH20	Place 20-byte item on stack	-	3
0x74	PUSH21	Place 21-byte item on stack	-	3
0x75	PUSH22	Place 22-byte item on stack	-	3
0x76	PUSH23	Place 23-byte item on stack	-	3
0x77	PUSH24	Place 24-byte item on stack	-	3
0x78	PUSH25	Place 25-byte item on stack	-	3
0x79	PUSH26	Place 26-byte item on stack	-	3
0x7a	PUSH27	Place 27-byte item on stack	-	3
0x7b	PUSH28	Place 28-byte item on stack	-	3
0x7c	PUSH29	Place 29-byte item on stack	-	3
0x7d	PUSH30	Place 30-byte item on stack	-	3
0x7e	PUSH31	Place 31-byte item on stack	-	3
0x7f	PUSH32	Place 32-byte (full word) item on stack	-	3
0x80	DUP1	Duplicate 1st stack item	-	3
0x81	DUP2	Duplicate 2nd stack item	-	3
0x82	DUP3	Duplicate 3rd stack item	-	3
0x83	DUP4	Duplicate 4th stack item	-	3
0x84	DUP5	Duplicate 5th stack item	-	3
0x85	DUP6	Duplicate 6th stack item	-	3
0x86	DUP7	Duplicate 7th stack item	-	3
0x87	DUP8	Duplicate 8th stack item	-	3
0x88	DUP9	Duplicate 9th stack item	-	3
0x89	DUP10	Duplicate 10th stack item	-	3
0x8a	DUP11	Duplicate 11th stack item	-	3
0x8b	DUP12	Duplicate 12th stack item	-	3
0x8c	DUP13	Duplicate 13th stack item	-	3
0x8d	DUP14	Duplicate 14th stack item	-	3
0x8e	DUP15	Duplicate 15th stack item	-	3
0x8f	DUP16	Duplicate 16th stack item	-	3
0x90	SWAP1	Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items	-	3
0x91	SWAP2	Exchange 1st and 3rd stack items	-	3
0x92	SWAP3	Exchange 1st and 4th stack items	-	3
0x93	SWAP4	Exchange 1st and 5th stack items	-	3
0x94	SWAP5	Exchange 1st and 6th stack items	-	3
0x95	SWAP6	Exchange 1st and 7th stack items	-	3
0x96	SWAP7	Exchange 1st and 8th stack items	-	3
0x97	SWAP8	Exchange 1st and 9th stack items	-	3
0x98	SWAP9	Exchange 1st and 10th stack items	-	3
0x99	SWAP10	Exchange 1st and 11th stack items	-	3
0x9a	SWAP11	Exchange 1st and 12th stack items	-	3
0x9b	SWAP12	Exchange 1st and 13th stack items	-	3
0x9c	SWAP13	Exchange 1st and 14th stack items	-	3
0x9d	SWAP14	Exchange 1st and 15th stack items	-	3
0x9e	SWAP15	Exchange 1st and 16th stack items	-	3
0x9f	SWAP16	Exchange 1st and 17th stack items	-	3
0xa0	LOG0	Append log record with no topics	-	375
0xa1	LOG1	Append log record with one topic	-	750
0xa2	LOG2	Append log record with two topics	-	1125
0xa3	LOG3	Append log record with three topics	-	1500
0xa4	LOG4	Append log record with four topics	-	1875
0xa5 - 0xaf	Unused	-
0xb0	JUMPTO	Tentative libevmasm has different numbers	EIP 615
0xb1	JUMPIF	Tentative	EIP 615
0xb2	JUMPSUB	Tentative	EIP 615
0xb4	JUMPSUBV	Tentative	EIP 615
0xb5	BEGINSUB	Tentative	EIP 615
0xb6	BEGINDATA	Tentative	EIP 615
0xb8	RETURNSUB	Tentative	EIP 615
0xb9	PUTLOCAL	Tentative	EIP 615
0xba	GETLOCAL	Tentative	EIP 615
0xbb - 0xe0	Unused	-
0xe1	SLOADBYTES	Only referenced in pyethereum	-	-
0xe2	SSTOREBYTES	Only referenced in pyethereum	-	-
0xe3	SSIZE	Only referenced in pyethereum	-	-
0xe4 - 0xef	Unused	-
0xf0	CREATE	Create a new account with associated code	-	32000
0xf1	CALL	Message-call into an account	-	Complicated
0xf2	CALLCODE	Message-call into this account with alternative account’s code	-	Complicated
0xf3	RETURN	Halt execution returning output data	-	0
0xf4	DELEGATECALL	Message-call into this account with an alternative account’s code, but persisting into this account with an alternative account’s code	-	Complicated
0xf5	CREATE2	Create a new account and set creation address to sha3(sender + sha3(init code)) % 2**160	-
0xf6 - 0xf9	Unused	-	-
0xfa	STATICCALL	Similar to CALL, but does not modify state	-	40
0xfb	Unused	-	-
0xfc	TXEXECGAS	Not in yellow paper FIXME	-	-
0xfd	REVERT	Stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas and providing a reason	-	0
0xfe	INVALID	Designated invalid instruction	-	0
0xff	SELFDESTRUCT	Halt execution and register account for later deletion	-	5000*

Instruction Details

ADD

Takes two words from stack, adds them, then pushes the result onto the stack.

Pseudocode: push(s[0]+s[1])

PUSHX

The following X bytes are read from PC, placed into a word, then this word is pushed onto the stack.

CALL