============
parallel-ssh
Asynchronous parallel SSH client library.
Run SSH commands over many - hundreds/hundreds of thousands - number of servers asynchronously and with minimal system load on the client host.
Native code based clients with extremely high performance, making use of C libraries.
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… _read the docs: https://parallel-ssh.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
… _SFTP and SCP documentation: https://parallel-ssh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced.html#sftp-scp
Installation
… code-block:: shell
pip install parallel-ssh
An update to pip may be needed to be able to install binary wheels.
… code-block:: shell
pip install -U pip
pip install parallel-ssh
Usage Example
See documentation on read the docs_ for more complete examples.
Run uname on two hosts in parallel.
… code-block:: python
from pssh.clients import ParallelSSHClient
hosts = [‘localhost’, ‘localhost’]
client = ParallelSSHClient(hosts)
output = client.run_command(‘uname’)
for host_output in output:
for line in host_output.stdout:
print(line)
exit_code = host_output.exit_code
:Output:
… code-block:: shell
Linux
Linux
Single Host Client
Single host client with similar API can be used if parallel functionality is not needed.
… code-block:: python
from pssh.clients import SSHClient
host = ‘localhost’
cmd = ‘uname’
client = SSHClient(host)
host_out = client.run_command(cmd)
for line in host_out.stdout:
print(line)
exit_code = host_out.exit_code
… contents::
Questions And Discussion
Github discussions <https://github.com/ParallelSSH/parallel-ssh/discussions>_ can be used to discuss, ask questions and share ideas regarding the use of parallel-ssh.
Native clients
The default client in parallel-ssh is a native client based on ssh2-python - libssh2 C library - which offers much greater performance and reduced overhead compared to other Python SSH libraries.
See this post <https://parallel-ssh.org/post/parallel-ssh-libssh2>_ for a performance comparison of different Python SSH libraries.
Alternative clients based on ssh-python (libssh) are also available under pssh.clients.ssh. See client documentation <https://parallel-ssh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/clients.html>_ for a feature comparison of the available clients in the library.
parallel-ssh makes use of clients and an event loop solely based on C libraries providing native code levels of performance and stability with an easy to use Python API.
Native Code Client Features
- Highest performance and least overhead of any Python SSH library
- Thread safe - makes use of native threads for CPU bound calls like authentication
- Natively asynchronous utilising C libraries implementing the SSH protocol
- Significantly reduced overhead in CPU and memory usage
Why This Library
Because other options are either immature, unstable, lacking in performance or all of the aforementioned.
Certain other self-proclaimed leading Python SSH libraries leave a lot to be desired from a performance and stability point of view, as well as suffering from a lack of maintenance with hundreds of open issues, unresolved pull requests and inherent design flaws.
The SSH libraries parallel-ssh uses are, on the other hand, long standing mature C libraries in libssh2 <https://libssh2.org>_ and libssh <https://libssh.org>_ that have been in production use for decades and are part of some of the most widely distributed software available today - Git itself, OpenSSH, Curl and many others.
These low level libraries are far better placed to provide the maturity, stability and performance needed from an SSH client for production use.
parallel-ssh provides easy to use SSH clients that hide the complexity, while offering stability and native code levels of performance and as well as the ability to scale to hundreds or more concurrent hosts.
See alternatives <https://parallel-ssh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/alternatives.html>_ for a more complete comparison of alternative SSH libraries, as well as performance comparisons <https://parallel-ssh.org/post/parallel-ssh-libssh2>_ mentioned previously.
Waiting for Completion and Exit Codes
The client’s join function can be used to wait for all commands in output to finish.
After join returns, commands have finished and all output can be read without blocking.
Once either standard output is iterated on to completion, or client.join() is called, exit codes become available in host output.
Iteration ends only when remote command has completed, though it may be interrupted and resumed at any point - see join and output timeouts <https://parallel-ssh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced.html#join-and-output-timeouts>_ documentation.
HostOutput.exit_code is a dynamic property and will return None when exit code is not ready, meaning command has not finished, or unavailable due to error.
Once all output has been gathered exit codes become available even without calling join as per previous examples.
… code-block:: python
output = client.run_command(‘uname’)
client.join()
for host_out in output:
for line in host_out.stdout:
print(line)
print(host_out.exit_code)
:Output:
… code-block:: python
Linux
0
Linux
0
Similarly, exit codes are available after client.join() without reading output.
… code-block:: python
output = client.run_command(‘uname’)
client.join()
for host_output in output:
print(host_out.exit_code)
:Output:
… code-block:: python
0
0
Built in Host Output Logger
There is also a built in host logger that can be enabled to log output from remote hosts for both stdout and stderr. The helper function pssh.utils.enable_host_logger will enable host logging to stdout.
To log output without having to iterate over output generators, the consume_output flag must be enabled - for example:
… code-block:: python
from pssh.utils import enable_host_logger
enable_host_logger()
client.run_command(‘uname’)
client.join(consume_output=True)
:Output:
… code-block:: shell
[localhost] Linux
SCP
SCP is supported - native client only - and provides the best performance for file copying.
Unlike with the SFTP functionality, remote files that already exist are not overwritten and an exception is raised instead.
Note that enabling recursion with SCP requires server SFTP support for creating remote directories.
To copy a local file to remote hosts in parallel with SCP:
… code-block:: python
from pssh.clients import ParallelSSHClient
from gevent import joinall
hosts = [‘myhost1’, ‘myhost2’]
client = ParallelSSHClient(hosts)
cmds = client.scp_send(‘…/test’, ‘test_dir/test’)
joinall(cmds, raise_error=True)
See SFTP and SCP documentation_ for more examples.
SFTP
SFTP is supported in the native client.
To copy a local file to remote hosts in parallel:
… code-block:: python
from pssh.clients import ParallelSSHClient
from pssh.utils import enable_logger, logger
from gevent import joinall
enable_logger(logger)
hosts = [‘myhost1’, ‘myhost2’]
client = ParallelSSHClient(hosts)
cmds = client.copy_file(‘…/test’, ‘test_dir/test’)
joinall(cmds, raise_error=True)
:Output:
… code-block:: python
Copied local file ../test to remote destination myhost1:test_dir/test
Copied local file ../test to remote destination myhost2:test_dir/test
There is similar capability to copy remote files to local ones with configurable file names via the copy_remote_file <https://parallel-ssh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/base_parallel.html#pssh.clients.base.parallel.BaseParallelSSHClient.copy_remote_file>_ function.
In addition, per-host configurable file name functionality is provided for both SFTP and SCP - see documentation <https://parallel-ssh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced.html#copy-args>_.
Directory recursion is supported in both cases via the recurse parameter - defaults to off.
See SFTP and SCP documentation_ for more examples.
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