awesome-world-model-evolution

Awesome World Model Evolution - Forging the World Model Universe from Unified Multimodal Models

English | 中文

A curated collection of research papers, models, and resources tracing the evolution from specialized models to unified world models.

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📋 Table of Contents

• Awesome World Model Evolution - Forging the World Model Universe from Unified Multimodal Models
  • 📋 Table of Contents
  • 🎯 Introduction
    • What is a World Model?
    • The Three Fundamental Consistencies
      • 1️⃣ Modality Consistency
      • 2️⃣ Spatial Consistency
      • 3️⃣ Temporal Consistency
    • Why Unified Multimodal Models?
  • 🔬 Independent Exploration: Specialized Models
    • Modality Consistency
      • Representative Works
    • Spatial Consistency
      • Representative Works
    • Temporal Consistency
      • Representative Works
  • 🔗 Preliminary Integration: Unified Multimodal Models
    • Modality + Spatial Consistency
      • Representative Works
    • Modality + Temporal Consistency
      • Representative Works
    • Spatial + Temporal Consistency
      • Representative Works
  • 🌟 The “Trinity” Prototype: Emerging World Models
    • Text-to-World Generators
      • Representative Works
    • Embodied Intelligence Systems
      • Representative Works
  • 📊 Benchmarks and Evaluation
    • Representative Works
  • 📝 Contributing
    • How to Contribute
    • Contribution Guidelines
  • ⭐ Star History
  • 📄 License

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🎯 Introduction

What is a World Model?

A World Model is a computational system that learns the intrinsic laws governing our physical world and constructs an executable, dynamic simulation environment internally. Unlike conventional AI models that merely perform pattern matching or classification, a world model serves as an internal simulator capable of:

• 🔄 Reproducing observed events and phenomena
• 🎲 Predicting future states and outcomes
• 🤔 Reasoning about counterfactual scenarios (what-if analysis)
• 🎯 Planning long-term strategies based on simulated consequences

Why World Models Matter:

World models are considered a cornerstone toward achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI):

• 🤖 Embodied AI: Robots can “rehearse” actions before execution
• 🚗 Autonomous Systems: Simulation of hazardous edge cases for safer deployment
• 🔬 Scientific Discovery: Accelerated understanding of complex systems through digital experimentation
• 🎮 Interactive Environments: Creation of controllable, physics-aware virtual worlds

The Three Fundamental Consistencies

A fully functional world model must master three core competencies, which we term the Three Fundamental Consistencies:

1️⃣ Modality Consistency

The “linguistic interface” between the model and reality.

• Capability: Bidirectional translation between high-dimensional sensory inputs (images, video, audio) and abstract symbolic representations (language, structured data)
• Example Tasks: Image captioning, text-to-image generation, visual question answering
• Significance: Enables the world model to receive instructions and communicate observations in human-interpretable formats

2️⃣ Spatial Consistency

The “static 3D comprehension” of the physical world.

• Capability: Understanding that objects possess fixed geometric forms, occupy space, exhibit occlusion relationships, and maintain identity across viewpoints
• Example Tasks: Novel view synthesis, 3D reconstruction, multi-view consistency
• Significance: Forms the foundational “scene graph” enabling accurate spatial reasoning and navigation

3️⃣ Temporal Consistency

The “physics engine” for dynamic simulation.

• Capability: Modeling how the world evolves over time, including object motion, physical interactions, and causal event chains
• Example Tasks: Video prediction, dynamics modeling, future state forecasting
• Significance: Enables anticipation of consequences and long-term planning capabilities

Why Unified Multimodal Models?

This repository traces the evolution toward world models through Unified Multimodal Models (particularly Large Multimodal Models - LMMs), which we argue represent the most promising pathway forward:

Key Advantages:

• 🏗️ Architectural Unity: A central processing core (LLM backbone) with modular sensory interfaces naturally facilitates cross-modal integration
• ✨ Emergent Understanding: Pre-training on massive, diverse multimodal datasets enables implicit learning of world regularities rather than relying on manually engineered rules
• 📈 Scalability: Demonstrated scaling laws suggest capabilities improve predictably with increased parameters, data, and compute
• 🔄 Synergistic Learning: Different consistencies can emerge and reinforce each other through joint training

Our Thesis: End-to-end trained unified models are superior to task-specific specialized models for building world models, as they can learn the deep interconnections between modalities, space, and time.

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🔬 Independent Exploration: Specialized Models

Before the era of unified models, researchers pursued a “divide-and-conquer” approach, developing specialized architectures for each consistency challenge. This foundational work established key techniques and insights that inform current unified approaches.

Modality Consistency

Objective: Establish bidirectional mappings between symbolic (language) and perceptual (vision) representations.

Historical Significance: These models created the first “symbol-perception bridges,” solving the fundamental I/O problem for world models.

Representative Works

paper catalog

• CLIP: Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision, ICML 2021.
• DALL-E: Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation, ICML 2021.
• Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention, ICML 2015.
• AttnGAN: Fine-Grained Text-to-Image Generation with Attentional GANs, CVPR 2018.
• Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (24 Feb 2021).
• High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models, arxiv (20 Dec 2021).
• Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding, arxiv (23 May 2022).
• Scaling Autoregressive Models for Content-Rich Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (22 Jun 2022).
• Language Quantized AutoEncoders: Towards Unsupervised Text-Image Alignment, arxiv (2 Feb 2023).
• IconShop: Text-Guided Vector Icon Synthesis with Autoregressive Transformers, arxiv (27 Apr 2023).
• SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis, arxiv (4 Jul 2023).
• Emu: Generative Pretraining in Multimodality, arxiv (11 Jul 2023).
• SDXL-Lightning: Progressive Adversarial Diffusion Distillation, arxiv (21 Feb 2024).
• Beyond Text: Frozen Large Language Models in Visual Signal Comprehension, arxiv (12 Mar 2024).
• Kandinsky 3.0 Technical Report, arxiv (6 Dec 2023).
• PixArt-$伪$: Fast Training of Diffusion Transformer for Photorealistic Text-to-Image Synthesis, arxiv (30 Sep 2023).
• EmoGen: Emotional Image Content Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, arxiv (9 Jan 2024).
• Parrot: Pareto-optimal Multi-Reward Reinforcement Learning Framework for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (11 Jan 2024).
• DiffusionGPT: LLM-Driven Text-to-Image Generation System, arxiv (18 Jan 2024).
• MM-Interleaved: Interleaved Image-Text Generative Modeling via Multi-modal Feature Synchronizer, arxiv (18 Jan 2024).
• Taiyi-Diffusion-XL: Advancing Bilingual Text-to-Image Generation with Large Vision-Language Model Support, arxiv (26 Jan 2024).
• IntentTuner: An Interactive Framework for Integrating Human Intents in Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (28 Jan 2024).
• Self-Play Fine-Tuning of Diffusion Models for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (15 Feb 2024).
• Universal Prompt Optimizer for Safe Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (16 Feb 2024).
• Visual Concept-driven Image Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Model, arxiv (18 Feb 2024).
• A User-Friendly Framework for Generating Model-Preferred Prompts in Text-to-Image Synthesis, arxiv (20 Feb 2024).
• Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis, arxiv (5 Mar 2024).
• PromptCharm: Text-to-Image Generation through Multi-modal Prompting and Refinement, arxiv (6 Mar 2024).
• Discriminative Probing and Tuning for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (7 Mar 2024).
• PixArt-危: Weak-to-Strong Training of Diffusion Transformer for 4K Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (7 Mar 2024).
• A 28.6 mJ/iter Stable Diffusion Processor for Text-to-Image Generation with Patch Similarity-based Sparsity Augmentation and Text-based Mixed-Precision, arxiv (8 Mar 2024).
• CogView3: Finer and Faster Text-to-Image Generation via Relay Diffusion, arxiv (8 Mar 2024).
• DivCon: Divide and Conquer for Complex Numerical and Spatial Reasoning in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (11 Mar 2024).
• Block-wise LoRA: Revisiting Fine-grained LoRA for Effective Personalization and Stylization in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (12 Mar 2024).
• Optimizing Negative Prompts for Enhanced Aesthetics and Fidelity in Text-To-Image Generation, arxiv (12 Mar 2024).
• Bridging Different Language Models and Generative Vision Models for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (12 Mar 2024).
• DialogGen: Multi-modal Interactive Dialogue System for Multi-turn Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (13 Mar 2024).
• CLIP-VQDiffusion : Langauge Free Training of Text To Image generation using CLIP and vector quantized diffusion model, arxiv (22 Mar 2024).
• FlashEval: Towards Fast and Accurate Evaluation of Text-to-image Diffusion Generative Models, arxiv (25 Mar 2024).
• Skews in the Phenomenon Space Hinder Generalization in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (25 Mar 2024).
• Refining Text-to-Image Generation: Towards Accurate Training-Free Glyph-Enhanced Image Generation, arxiv (25 Mar 2024).
• Isolated Diffusion: Optimizing Multi-Concept Text-to-Image Generation Training-Freely with Isolated Diffusion Guidance, arxiv (25 Mar 2024).
• Be Yourself: Bounded Attention for Multi-Subject Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (25 Mar 2024).
• Capability-aware Prompt Reformulation Learning for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (27 Mar 2024).
• Evaluating Text-to-Visual Generation with Image-to-Text Generation, arxiv (1 Apr 2024).
• InstantStyle: Free Lunch towards Style-Preserving in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (3 Apr 2024).
• MULAN: A Multi Layer Annotated Dataset for Controllable Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (3 Apr 2024).
• On the Scalability of Diffusion-based Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (3 Apr 2024).
• RL for Consistency Models: Faster Reward Guided Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (25 Mar 2024).
• Dynamic Prompt Optimizing for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (5 Apr 2024).
• SafeGen: Mitigating Sexually Explicit Content Generation in Text-to-Image Models, arxiv (10 Apr 2024).
• TextCenGen: Attention-Guided Text-Centric Background Adaptation for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (18 Apr 2024).
• EdgeFusion: On-Device Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (18 Apr 2024).
• Object-Attribute Binding in Text-to-Image Generation: Evaluation and Control, arxiv (21 Apr 2024).
• Towards Better Text-to-Image Generation Alignment via Attention Modulation, arxiv (22 Apr 2024).
• Multimodal Large Language Model is a Human-Aligned Annotator for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (23 Apr 2024).
• ID-Aligner: Enhancing Identity-Preserving Text-to-Image Generation with Reward Feedback Learning, arxiv (23 Apr 2024).
• G-Refine: A General Quality Refiner for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (29 Apr 2024).
• On Mechanistic Knowledge Localization in Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (2 May 2024).
• FlexEControl: Flexible and Efficient Multimodal Control for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (8 May 2024).
• TriLoRA: Integrating SVD for Advanced Style Personalization in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (18 May 2024).
• An Empirical Study and Analysis of Text-to-Image Generation Using Large Language Model-Powered Textual Representation, arxiv (21 May 2024).
• Personalized Residuals for Concept-Driven Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (21 May 2024).
• Kaleido Diffusion: Improving Conditional Diffusion Models with Autoregressive Latent Modeling, arxiv (31 May 2024).
• AttnDreamBooth: Towards Text-Aligned Personalized Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (7 Jun 2024).
• Ctrl-X: Controlling Structure and Appearance for Text-To-Image Generation Without Guidance, arxiv (11 Jun 2024).
• Commonsense-T2I Challenge: Can Text-to-Image Generation Models Understand Commonsense?, arxiv (11 Jun 2024).
• Improving Compositional Attribute Binding in Text-to-Image Generative Models via Enhanced Text Embeddings, arxiv (12 Jun 2024).
• FairCoT: Enhancing Fairness in Text-to-Image Generation via Chain of Thought Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Models, arxiv (13 Jun 2024).
• STAR: Scale-wise Text-conditioned AutoRegressive image generation, arxiv (16 Jun 2024).
• AITTI: Learning Adaptive Inclusive Token for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (18 Jun 2024).
• Beyond Thumbs Up/Down: Untangling Challenges of Fine-Grained Feedback for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (24 Jun 2024).
• MUMU: Bootstrapping Multimodal Image Generation from Text-to-Image Data, arxiv (26 Jun 2024).
• AnyControl: Create Your Artwork with Versatile Control on Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (27 Jun 2024).
• PopAlign: Population-Level Alignment for Fair Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (28 Jun 2024).
• Prompt Refinement with Image Pivot for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (28 Jun 2024).
• Efficient Personalized Text-to-image Generation by Leveraging Textual Subspace, arxiv (30 Jun 2024).
• LLM4GEN: Leveraging Semantic Representation of LLMs for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (30 Jun 2024).
• InstantStyle-Plus: Style Transfer with Content-Preserving in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (30 Jun 2024).
• JeDi: Joint-Image Diffusion Models for Finetuning-Free Personalized Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (8 Jul 2024).
• Powerful and Flexible: Personalized Text-to-Image Generation via Reinforcement Learning, arxiv (9 Jul 2024).
• MARS: Mixture of Auto-Regressive Models for Fine-grained Text-to-image Synthesis, arxiv (10 Jul 2024).
• Addressing Image Hallucination in Text-to-Image Generation through Factual Image Retrieval, arxiv (15 Jul 2024).
• Subject-driven Text-to-Image Generation via Preference-based Reinforcement Learning, arxiv (16 Jul 2024).
• GreenStableYolo: Optimizing Inference Time and Image Quality of Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (20 Jul 2024).
• VersusDebias: Universal Zero-Shot Debiasing for Text-to-Image Models via SLM-Based Prompt Engineering and Generative Adversary, arxiv (28 Jul 2024).
• Reproducibility Study of "ITI-GEN: Inclusive Text-to-Image Generation", arxiv (29 Jul 2024).
• VAR-CLIP: Text-to-Image Generator with Visual Auto-Regressive Modeling, arxiv (2 Aug 2024).
• Lumina-mGPT: Illuminate Flexible Photorealistic Text-to-Image Generation with Multimodal Generative Pretraining, arxiv (5 Aug 2024).
• FRAP: Faithful and Realistic Text-to-Image Generation with Adaptive Prompt Weighting, arxiv (21 Aug 2024).
• Rethinking Training for De-biasing Text-to-Image Generation: Unlocking the Potential of Stable Diffusion, arxiv (22 Aug 2024).
• Taming Text-to-Image Synthesis for Novices: User-centric Prompt Generation via Multi-turn Guidance, arxiv (23 Aug 2024).
• Focus on Neighbors and Know the Whole: Towards Consistent Dense Multiview Text-to-Image Generator for 3D Creation, arxiv (23 Aug 2024).
• CSGO: Content-Style Composition in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (29 Aug 2024).
• Text-to-Image Generation Via Energy-Based CLIP, arxiv (30 Aug 2024).
• SPDiffusion: Semantic Protection Diffusion Models for Multi-concept Text-to-image Generation, arxiv (2 Sep 2024).
• Qihoo-T2X: An Efficient Proxy-Tokenized Diffusion Transformer for Text-to-Any-Task, arxiv (6 Sep 2024).
• IFAdapter: Instance Feature Control for Grounded Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (12 Sep 2024).
• Generalizing Alignment Paradigm of Text-to-Image Generation with Preferences through $f$-divergence Minimization, arxiv (15 Sep 2024).
• Evaluating Image Hallucination in Text-to-Image Generation with Question-Answering, arxiv (19 Sep 2024).
• Text Image Generation for Low-Resource Languages with Dual Translation Learning, arxiv (26 Sep 2024).
• MCGM: Mask Conditional Text-to-Image Generative Model, arxiv (1 Oct 2024).
• Accelerating Auto-regressive Text-to-Image Generation with Training-free Speculative Jacobi Decoding, arxiv (2 Oct 2024).
• ComfyGen: Prompt-Adaptive Workflows for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (2 Oct 2024).
• A Spark of Vision-Language Intelligence: 2-Dimensional Autoregressive Transformer for Efficient Finegrained Image Generation, arxiv (2 Oct 2024).
• EvolveDirector: Approaching Advanced Text-to-Image Generation with Large Vision-Language Models, arxiv (9 Oct 2024).
• IterComp: Iterative Composition-Aware Feedback Learning from Model Gallery for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (9 Oct 2024).
• Minority-Focused Text-to-Image Generation via Prompt Optimization, arxiv (10 Oct 2024).
• DART: Denoising Autoregressive Transformer for Scalable Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (10 Oct 2024).
• Meissonic: Revitalizing Masked Generative Transformers for Efficient High-Resolution Text-to-Image Synthesis, arxiv (10 Oct 2024).
• Text-To-Image with Generative Adversarial Networks, arxiv (11 Oct 2024).
• Generating Intermediate Representations for Compositional Text-To-Image Generation, arxiv (13 Oct 2024).
• FlexGen: Flexible Multi-View Generation from Text and Image Inputs, arxiv (14 Oct 2024).
• HART: Efficient Visual Generation with Hybrid Autoregressive Transformer, arxiv (14 Oct 2024).
• SAFREE: Training-Free and Adaptive Guard for Safe Text-to-Image And Video Generation, arxiv (16 Oct 2024).
• Fluid: Scaling Autoregressive Text-to-image Generative Models with Continuous Tokens, arxiv (17 Oct 2024).
• Synergistic Dual Spatial-aware Generation of Image-to-Text and Text-to-Image, arxiv (20 Oct 2024).
• Progressive Compositionality in Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (22 Oct 2024).
• FairQueue: Rethinking Prompt Learning for Fair Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (24 Oct 2024).
• Diff-Instruct++: Training One-step Text-to-image Generator Model to Align with Human Preferences, arxiv (24 Oct 2024).
• Kandinsky 3: Text-to-Image Synthesis for Multifunctional Generative Framework, arxiv (28 Oct 2024).
• Diffusion Beats Autoregressive: An Evaluation of Compositional Generation in Text-to-Image Models, arxiv (30 Oct 2024).
• Image2Text2Image: A Novel Framework for Label-Free Evaluation of Image-to-Text Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, arxiv (8 Nov 2024).
• Region-Aware Text-to-Image Generation via Hard Binding and Soft Refinement, arxiv (10 Nov 2024).
• JanusFlow: Harmonizing Autoregression and Rectified Flow for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (12 Nov 2024).
• Visual question answering based evaluation metrics for text-to-image generation, arxiv (15 Nov 2024).
• Safe Text-to-Image Generation: Simply Sanitize the Prompt Embedding, arxiv (15 Nov 2024).
• High-Resolution Image Synthesis via Next-Token Prediction, arxiv (22 Nov 2024).
• Automatic Evaluation for Text-to-image Generation: Task-decomposed Framework, Distilled Training, and Meta-evaluation Benchmark, arxiv (23 Nov 2024).
• Interactive Visual Assessment for Text-to-Image Generation Models, arxiv (23 Nov 2024).
• ChatGen: Automatic Text-to-Image Generation From FreeStyle Chatting, arxiv (26 Nov 2024).
• Interleaved Scene Graphs for Interleaved Text-and-Image Generation Assessment, arxiv (26 Nov 2024).
• Reward Incremental Learning in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (26 Nov 2024).
• Type-R: Automatically Retouching Typos for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (27 Nov 2024).
• Enhancing MMDiT-Based Text-to-Image Models for Similar Subject Generation, arxiv (27 Nov 2024).
• All Seeds Are Not Equal: Enhancing Compositional Text-to-Image Generation with Reliable Random Seeds, arxiv (27 Nov 2024).
• Switti: Designing Scale-Wise Transformers for Text-to-Image Synthesis, arxiv (2 Dec 2024).
• Cross-Attention Head Position Patterns Can Align with Human Visual Concepts in Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (3 Dec 2024).
• DynamicControl: Adaptive Condition Selection for Improved Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (4 Dec 2024).
• Safeguarding Text-to-Image Generation via Inference-Time Prompt-Noise Optimization, arxiv (5 Dec 2024).
• Infinity: Scaling Bitwise AutoRegressive Modeling for High-Resolution Image Synthesis, arxiv (5 Dec 2024).
• LayerFusion: Harmonized Multi-Layer Text-to-Image Generation with Generative Priors, arxiv (5 Dec 2024).
• Proactive Agents for Multi-Turn Text-to-Image Generation Under Uncertainty, arxiv (9 Dec 2024).
• Boosting Alignment for Post-Unlearning Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (9 Dec 2024).
• Fast Prompt Alignment for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (11 Dec 2024).
• Preference Adaptive and Sequential Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (10 Dec 2024).
• AlignGuard: Scalable Safety Alignment for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (13 Dec 2024).
• Efficient Scaling of Diffusion Transformers for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (16 Dec 2024).
• ArtAug: Enhancing Text-to-Image Generation through Synthesis-Understanding Interaction, arxiv (17 Dec 2024).
• GALOT: Generative Active Learning via Optimizable Zero-shot Text-to-image Generation, arxiv (18 Dec 2024).
• Self-Corrected Flow Distillation for Consistent One-Step and Few-Step Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (22 Dec 2024).
• Hierarchical Vision-Language Alignment for Text-to-Image Generation via Diffusion Models, arxiv (1 Jan 2025).
• Evaluating Image Caption via Cycle-consistent Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (7 Jan 2025).
• Boosting Text-To-Image Generation via Multilingual Prompting in Large Multimodal Models, arxiv (13 Jan 2025).
• Democratizing Text-to-Image Masked Generative Models with Compact Text-Aware One-Dimensional Tokens, arxiv (13 Jan 2025).
• SHYI: Action Support for Contrastive Learning in High-Fidelity Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (15 Jan 2025).
• IMAGINE-E: Image Generation Intelligence Evaluation of State-of-the-art Text-to-Image Models, arxiv (23 Jan 2025).
• Text-to-Image Generation for Vocabulary Learning Using the Keyword Method, arxiv (28 Jan 2025).
• TextAtlas5M: A Large-scale Dataset for Dense Text Image Generation, arxiv (11 Feb 2025).
• Skrr: Skip and Re-use Text Encoder Layers for Memory Efficient Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (12 Feb 2025).
• FlexControl: Computation-Aware ControlNet with Differentiable Router for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (11 Feb 2025).
• REAL: Realism Evaluation of Text-to-Image Generation Models for Effective Data Augmentation, arxiv (15 Feb 2025).
• Learning to Sample Effective and Diverse Prompts for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (17 Feb 2025).
• CHATS: Combining Human-Aligned Optimization and Test-Time Sampling for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (18 Feb 2025).
• FlipConcept: Tuning-Free Multi-Concept Personalization for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (21 Feb 2025).
• Multi-Agent Multimodal Models for Multicultural Text to Image Generation, arxiv (21 Feb 2025).
• Multimodal Representation Alignment for Image Generation: Text-Image Interleaved Control Is Easier Than You Think, arxiv (27 Feb 2025).
• Fine-Grained Alignment and Noise Refinement for Compositional Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (9 Mar 2025).
• Unleashing the Potential of Large Language Models for Text-to-Image Generation through Autoregressive Representation Alignment, arxiv (10 Mar 2025).
• SANA-Sprint: One-Step Diffusion with Continuous-Time Consistency Distillation, arxiv (12 Mar 2025).
• ConceptGuard: Continual Personalized Text-to-Image Generation with Forgetting and Confusion Mitigation, arxiv (13 Mar 2025).
• DiT-Air: Revisiting the Efficiency of Diffusion Model Architecture Design in Text to Image Generation, arxiv (13 Mar 2025).
• TF-TI2I: Training-Free Text-and-Image-to-Image Generation via Multi-Modal Implicit-Context Learning in Text-to-Image Models, arxiv (19 Mar 2025).
• Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressive, arxiv (21 Mar 2025).
• Progressive Prompt Detailing for Improved Alignment in Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (22 Mar 2025).
• Plug-and-Play Interpretable Responsible Text-to-Image Generation via Dual-Space Multi-facet Concept Control, arxiv (24 Mar 2025).
• Beyond Words: Advancing Long-Text Image Generation via Multimodal Autoregressive Models, arxiv (26 Mar 2025).
• Lumina-Image 2.0: A Unified and Efficient Image Generative Framework, arxiv (27 Mar 2025).
• Geometrical Properties of Text Token Embeddings for Strong Semantic Binding in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (29 Mar 2025).
• LayerCraft: Enhancing Text-to-Image Generation with CoT Reasoning and Layered Object Integration, arxiv (25 Mar 2025).
• Compass Control: Multi Object Orientation Control for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (9 Apr 2025).
• Towards NSFW-Free Text-to-Image Generation via Safety-Constraint Direct Preference Optimization, arxiv (19 Apr 2025).
• LLM-Enabled Style and Content Regularization for Personalized Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (19 Apr 2025).
• RefVNLI: Towards Scalable Evaluation of Subject-driven Text-to-image Generation, arxiv (24 Apr 2025).
• TextTIGER: Text-based Intelligent Generation with Entity Prompt Refinement for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (25 Apr 2025).
• T2I-R1: Reinforcing Image Generation with Collaborative Semantic-level and Token-level CoT, arxiv (1 May 2025).
• Deconstructing Bias: A Multifaceted Framework for Diagnosing Cultural and Compositional Inequities in Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (5 Apr 2025).
• Improving Physical Object State Representation in Text-to-Image Generative Systems, arxiv (4 May 2025).
• MCCD: Multi-Agent Collaboration-based Compositional Diffusion for Complex Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (5 May 2025).
• HCMA: Hierarchical Cross-model Alignment for Grounded Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (10 May 2025).
• IMAGE-ALCHEMY: Advancing subject fidelity in personalised text-to-image generation, arxiv (15 May 2025).
• CompAlign: Improving Compositional Text-to-Image Generation with a Complex Benchmark and Fine-Grained Feedback, arxiv (16 May 2025).
• Diff-MM: Exploring Pre-trained Text-to-Image Generation Model for Unified Multi-modal Object Tracking, arxiv (19 May 2025).
• Emerging Properties in Unified Multimodal Pretraining, arxiv (20 May 2025).
• Harnessing Caption Detailness for Data-Efficient Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (21 May 2025).
• IA-T2I: Internet-Augmented Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (21 May 2025).
• Self-Rewarding Large Vision-Language Models for Optimizing Prompts in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (22 May 2025).
• RePrompt: Reasoning-Augmented Reprompting for Text-to-Image Generation via Reinforcement Learning, arxiv (23 May 2025).
• Align Beyond Prompts: Evaluating World Knowledge Alignment in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (24 May 2025).
• Training-free Stylized Text-to-Image Generation with Fast Inference, arxiv (25 May 2025).
• Alchemist: Turning Public Text-to-Image Data into Generative Gold, arxiv (25 May 2025).
• StyleAR: Customizing Multimodal Autoregressive Model for Style-Aligned Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (26 May 2025).
• Identity-Preserving Text-to-Image Generation via Dual-Level Feature Decoupling and Expert-Guided Fusion, arxiv (28 May 2025).
• HiDream-I1: A High-Efficient Image Generative Foundation Model with Sparse Diffusion Transformer, arxiv (28 May 2025).
• Rhetorical Text-to-Image Generation via Two-layer Diffusion Policy Optimization, arxiv (28 May 2025).
• Muddit: Liberating Generation Beyond Text-to-Image with a Unified Discrete Diffusion Model, arxiv (29 May 2025).
• OSPO: Object-centric Self-improving Preference Optimization for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (28 May 2025).
• DIMCIM: A Quantitative Evaluation Framework for Default-mode Diversity and Generalization in Text-to-Image Generative Models, arxiv (5 Jun 2025).
• FocusDiff: Advancing Fine-Grained Text-Image Alignment for Autoregressive Visual Generation through RL, arxiv (5 Jun 2025).
• A Comprehensive Study of Decoder-Only LLMs for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (9 Jun 2025).
• A High-Quality Dataset and Reliable Evaluation for Interleaved Image-Text Generation, arxiv (11 Jun 2025).
• ELBO-T2IAlign: A Generic ELBO-Based Method for Calibrating Pixel-level Text-Image Alignment in Diffusion Models, arxiv (11 Jun 2025).
• Fair Generation without Unfair Distortions: Debiasing Text-to-Image Generation with Entanglement-Free Attention, arxiv (16 Jun 2025).
• Discrete JEPA: Learning Discrete Token Representations without Reconstruction, arxiv (17 Jun 2025).
• Cost-Aware Routing for Efficient Text-To-Image Generation, arxiv (17 Jun 2025).
• NSFW-Classifier Guided Prompt Sanitization for Safe Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (23 Jun 2025).
• Ovis-U1 Technical Report, arxiv (29 Jun 2025).
• RichControl: Structure- and Appearance-Rich Training-Free Spatial Control for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (3 Jul 2025).
• Subject-Consistent and Pose-Diverse Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (11 Jul 2025).
• Visual Semantic Description Generation with MLLMs for Image-Text Matching, arxiv (11 Jul 2025).
• RaDL: Relation-aware Disentangled Learning for Multi-Instance Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (16 Jul 2025).
• ID-EA: Identity-driven Text Enhancement and Adaptation with Textual Inversion for Personalized Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (16 Jul 2025).
• Local Representative Token Guided Merging for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (17 Jul 2025).
• LSSGen: Leveraging Latent Space Scaling in Flow and Diffusion for Efficient Text to Image Generation, arxiv (22 Jul 2025).
• Lumina-mGPT 2.0: Stand-Alone AutoRegressive Image Modeling, arxiv (23 Jul 2025).
• T2I-Copilot: A Training-Free Multi-Agent Text-to-Image System for Enhanced Prompt Interpretation and Interactive Generation, arxiv (28 Jul 2025).
• Multimodal LLMs as Customized Reward Models for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (28 Jul 2025).
• Qwen-Image Technical Report, arxiv (4 Aug 2025).
• Documenting Patterns of Exoticism of Marginalized Populations within Text-to-Image Generators, arxiv (4 Aug 2025).
• Draw Your Mind: Personalized Generation via Condition-Level Modeling in Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, arxiv (5 Aug 2025).
• LumiGen: An LVLM-Enhanced Iterative Framework for Fine-Grained Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (5 Aug 2025).
• UNCAGE: Contrastive Attention Guidance for Masked Generative Transformers in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (7 Aug 2025).
• CoAR: Concept Injection into Autoregressive Models for Personalized Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (10 Aug 2025).
• Dual Recursive Feedback on Generation and Appearance Latents for Pose-Robust Text-to-Image Diffusion, arxiv (13 Aug 2025).
• High Fidelity Text to Image Generation with Contrastive Alignment and Structural Guidance, arxiv (14 Aug 2025).
• CEIDM: A Controlled Entity and Interaction Diffusion Model for Enhanced Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (25 Aug 2025).
• HADIS: Hybrid Adaptive Diffusion Model Serving for Efficient Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (31 Aug 2025).
• Data-Driven Loss Functions for Inference-Time Optimization in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (2 Sep 2025).
• PromptEnhancer: A Simple Approach to Enhance Text-to-Image Models via Chain-of-Thought Prompt Rewriting, arxiv (4 Sep 2025).
• EditIDv2: Editable ID Customization with Data-Lubricated ID Feature Integration for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (6 Sep 2025).
• BiasMap: Leveraging Cross-Attentions to Discover and Mitigate Hidden Social Biases in Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (16 Sep 2025).
• DEFT: Decompositional Efficient Fine-Tuning for Text-to-Image Models, arxiv (26 Sep 2025).
• No Concept Left Behind: Test-Time Optimization for Compositional Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (27 Sep 2025).
• Free Lunch Alignment of Text-to-Image Diffusion Models without Preference Image Pairs, arxiv (30 Sep 2025).
• VQGAN-CLIP: Open Domain Image Generation and Editing with Natural Language Guidance, arxiv (18 Apr 2022).
• InstructPix2Pix: Learning to Follow Image Editing Instructions, arxiv (17 Nov 2022).
• MagicBrush: A Manually Annotated Dataset for Instruction-Guided Image Editing, arxiv (16 Jun 2023).
• An Item is Worth a Prompt: Versatile Image Editing with Disentangled Control, arxiv (7 Mar 2024).
• InstructGIE: Towards Generalizable Image Editing, arxiv (8 Mar 2024).
• Leveraging LLMs for On-the-Fly Instruction Guided Image Editing, arxiv (12 Mar 2024).
• Enhancing Text-to-Image Editing via Hybrid Mask-Informed Fusion, arxiv (24 May 2024).
• Text Guided Image Editing with Automatic Concept Locating and Forgetting, arxiv (30 May 2024).
• Empowering Visual Creativity: A Vision-Language Assistant to Image Editing Recommendations, arxiv (31 May 2024).
• The Curious Case of End Token: A Zero-Shot Disentangled Image Editing using CLIP, arxiv (1 Jun 2024).
• UltraEdit: Instruction-based Fine-Grained Image Editing at Scale, arxiv (7 Jul 2024).
• EditScribe: Non-Visual Image Editing with Natural Language Verification Loops, arxiv (13 Aug 2024).
• FastEdit: Fast Text-Guided Single-Image Editing via Semantic-Aware Diffusion Fine-Tuning, arxiv (6 Aug 2024).
• TurboEdit: Instant text-based image editing, arxiv (14 Aug 2024).
• ReEdit: Multimodal Exemplar-Based Image Editing with Diffusion Models, arxiv (6 Nov 2024).
• Multi-Reward as Condition for Instruction-based Image Editing, arxiv (6 Nov 2024).
• OmniEdit: Building Image Editing Generalist Models Through Specialist Supervision, arxiv (11 Nov 2024).
• AnyEdit: Mastering Unified High-Quality Image Editing for Any Idea, arxiv (24 Nov 2024).
• TPIE: Topology-Preserved Image Editing With Text Instructions, arxiv (22 Nov 2024).
• InsightEdit: Towards Better Instruction Following for Image Editing, arxiv (26 Nov 2024).
• UIP2P: Unsupervised Instruction-based Image Editing via Edit Reversibility Constraint, arxiv (19 Dec 2024).
• Textualize Visual Prompt for Image Editing via Diffusion Bridge, arxiv (7 Jan 2025).
• Hands-off Image Editing: Language-guided Editing without any Task-specific Labeling, Masking or even Training, arxiv (14 Feb 2025).
• PromptArtisan: Multi-instruction Image Editing in Single Pass with Complete Attention Control, arxiv (14 Feb 2025).
• Instruct-CLIP: Improving Instruction-Guided Image Editing with Automated Data Refinement Using Contrastive Learning, arxiv (24 Mar 2025).
• Tuning-Free Image Editing with Fidelity and Editability via Unified Latent Diffusion Model, arxiv (8 Apr 2025).
• Omni$^2$: Unifying Omnidirectional Image Generation and Editing in an Omni Model, arxiv (15 Apr 2025).
• X-Edit: Detecting and Localizing Edits in Images Altered by Text-Guided Diffusion Models, arxiv (16 May 2025).
• Step1X-Edit: A Practical Framework for General Image Editing, arxiv (24 Apr 2025).
• FLUX.1 Kontext: Flow Matching for In-Context Image Generation and Editing in Latent Space, arxiv (17 Jun 2025).
• Towards Efficient Exemplar Based Image Editing with Multimodal VLMs, arxiv (25 Jun 2025).
• Reasoning to Edit: Hypothetical Instruction-Based Image Editing with Visual Reasoning, arxiv (2 Jul 2025).
• Beyond Simple Edits: X-Planner for Complex Instruction-Based Image Editing, arxiv (7 Jul 2025).
• NoHumansRequired: Autonomous High-Quality Image Editing Triplet Mining, arxiv (18 Jul 2025).
• Qwen-Image Technical Report, arxiv (4 Aug 2025).
• Talk2Image: A Multi-Agent System for Multi-Turn Image Generation and Editing, arxiv (9 Aug 2025).
• CannyEdit: Selective Canny Control and Dual-Prompt Guidance for Training-Free Image Editing, arxiv (9 Aug 2025).
• Exploring Multimodal Diffusion Transformers for Enhanced Prompt-based Image Editing, arxiv (11 Aug 2025).
• X2Edit: Revisiting Arbitrary-Instruction Image Editing through Self-Constructed Data and Task-Aware Representation Learning, arxiv (11 Aug 2025).
• An LLM-LVLM Driven Agent for Iterative and Fine-Grained Image Editing, arxiv (24 Aug 2025).
• Describe, Don't Dictate: Semantic Image Editing with Natural Language Intent, arxiv (28 Aug 2025).
• Draw-In-Mind: Rebalancing Designer-Painter Roles in Unified Multimodal Models Benefits Image Editing, arxiv (2 Sep 2025).
• MultiEdit: Advancing Instruction-based Image Editing on Diverse and Challenging Tasks, arxiv (18 Sep 2025).
• AutoEdit: Automatic Hyperparameter Tuning for Image Editing, arxiv (18 Sep 2025).
• CAMILA: Context-Aware Masking for Image Editing with Language Alignment, arxiv (24 Sep 2025).
• EditVerse: Unifying Image and Video Editing and Generation with In-Context Learning, arxiv (24 Sep 2025).
• EditScore: Unlocking Online RL for Image Editing via High-Fidelity Reward Modeling, arxiv (28 Sep 2025).
• EditReward: A Human-Aligned Reward Model for Instruction-Guided Image Editing, arxiv (30 Sep 2025).
• Query-Kontext: An Unified Multimodal Model for Image Generation and Editing, arxiv (30 Sep 2025).
• GODIVA: Generating Open-DomaIn Videos from nAtural Descriptions, arxiv (30 Apr 2021).
• N脺WA: Visual Synthesis Pre-training for Neural visUal World creAtion, arxiv (24 Nov 2021).
• VideoGen: A Reference-Guided Latent Diffusion Approach for High Definition Text-to-Video Generation, arxiv (1 Sep 2023).
• Hierarchical Spatio-temporal Decoupling for Text-to-Video Generation, arxiv (7 Dec 2023).
• UniCtrl: Improving the Spatiotemporal Consistency of Text-to-Video Diffusion Models via Training-Free Unified Attention Control, arxiv (4 Mar 2024).
• ViD-GPT: Introducing GPT-style Autoregressive Generation in Video Diffusion Models, arxiv (16 Jun 2024).
• TALC: Time-Aligned Captions for Multi-Scene Text-to-Video Generation, arxiv (7 May 2024).
• DisenStudio: Customized Multi-subject Text-to-Video Generation with Disentangled Spatial Control, arxiv (21 May 2024).
• MotionBooth: Motion-Aware Customized Text-to-Video Generation, arxiv (25 Jun 2024).
• Text-Animator: Controllable Visual Text Video Generation, arxiv (25 Jun 2024).
• CogVideoX: Text-to-Video Diffusion Models with An Expert Transformer, arxiv (12 Aug 2024).
• Qihoo-T2X: An Efficient Proxy-Tokenized Diffusion Transformer for Text-to-Any-Task, arxiv (6 Sep 2024).
• Loong: Generating Minute-level Long Videos with Autoregressive Language Models, arxiv (3 Oct 2024).
• DiCoDe: Diffusion-Compressed Deep Tokens for Autoregressive Video Generation with Language Models, arxiv (5 Dec 2024).
• InstanceCap: Improving Text-to-Video Generation via Instance-aware Structured Caption, arxiv (12 Dec 2024).
• TIV-Diffusion: Towards Object-Centric Movement for Text-driven Image to Video Generation, arxiv (13 Dec 2024).
• LTX-Video: Realtime Video Latent Diffusion, arxiv (30 Dec 2024).
• Step-Video-T2V Technical Report: The Practice, Challenges, and Future of Video Foundation Model, arxiv (14 Feb 2025).
• Wan: Open and Advanced Large-Scale Video Generative Models, arxiv (26 Mar 2025).
• VPO: Aligning Text-to-Video Generation Models with Prompt Optimization, arxiv (26 Mar 2025).
• DyST-XL: Dynamic Layout Planning and Content Control for Compositional Text-to-Video Generation, arxiv (21 Apr 2025).
• ShotAdapter: Text-to-Multi-Shot Video Generation with Diffusion Models, arxiv (12 May 2025).
• MOVi: Training-free Text-conditioned Multi-Object Video Generation, arxiv (29 May 2025).
• Self Forcing: Bridging the Train-Test Gap in Autoregressive Video Diffusion, arxiv (9 Jun 2025).
• Lumos-1: On Autoregressive Video Generation from a Unified Model Perspective, arxiv (11 Jul 2025).
• TITAN-Guide: Taming Inference-Time AligNment for Guided Text-to-Video Diffusion Models, arxiv (1 Aug 2025).
• VidCLearn: A Continual Learning Approach for Text-to-Video Generation, arxiv (21 Sep 2025).
• Wan-Alpha: High-Quality Text-to-Video Generation with Alpha Channel, arxiv (29 Sep 2025).
• TempoControl: Temporal Attention Guidance for Text-to-Video Models, arxiv (2 Oct 2025).
• CamViG: Camera Aware Image-to-Video Generation with Multimodal Transformers, arxiv (21 May 2024).
• CamCo: Camera-Controllable 3D-Consistent Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (4 Jun 2024).
• JVID: Joint Video-Image Diffusion for Visual-Quality and Temporal-Consistency in Video Generation, arxiv (21 Sep 2024).
• FrameBridge: Improving Image-to-Video Generation with Bridge Models, arxiv (20 Oct 2024).
• TIP-I2V: A Million-Scale Real Text and Image Prompt Dataset for Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (5 Nov 2024).
• SG-I2V: Self-Guided Trajectory Control in Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (7 Nov 2024).
• OmniDrag: Enabling Motion Control for Omnidirectional Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (12 Dec 2024).
• TIV-Diffusion: Towards Object-Centric Movement for Text-driven Image to Video Generation, arxiv (13 Dec 2024).
• Through-The-Mask: Mask-based Motion Trajectories for Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (6 Jan 2025).
• VidCRAFT3: Camera, Object, and Lighting Control for Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (11 Feb 2025).
• RealCam-I2V: Real-World Image-to-Video Generation with Interactive Complex Camera Control, arxiv (14 Feb 2025).
• TextOCVP: Object-Centric Video Prediction with Language Guidance, arxiv (17 Feb 2025).
• Dynamic-I2V: Exploring Image-to-Video Generation Models via Multimodal LLM, arxiv (26 May 2025).
• MotionPro: A Precise Motion Controller for Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (26 May 2025).
• Consistent Video Editing as Flow-Driven Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (9 Jun 2025).
• Versatile Transition Generation with Image-to-Video Diffusion, arxiv (3 Aug 2025).
• Zero-shot 3D-Aware Trajectory-Guided image-to-video generation via Test-Time Training, arxiv (8 Sep 2025).
• Vid-Freeze: Protecting Images from Malicious Image-to-Video Generation via Temporal Freezing, arxiv (27 Sep 2025).
• MotionRAG: Motion Retrieval-Augmented Image-to-Video Generation, arxiv (30 Sep 2025).
• Moonshot: Towards Controllable Video Generation and Editing with Multimodal Conditions, arxiv (3 Jan 2024).
• LAVE: LLM-Powered Agent Assistance and Language Augmentation for Video Editing, arxiv (15 Feb 2024).
• ExpressEdit: Video Editing with Natural Language and Sketching, arxiv (26 Mar 2024).
• GenVideo: One-shot Target-image and Shape Aware Video Editing using T2I Diffusion Models, arxiv (18 Apr 2024).
• Edit-Your-Motion: Space-Time Diffusion Decoupling Learning for Video Motion Editing, arxiv (7 May 2024).
• Learning Action and Reasoning-Centric Image Editing from Videos and Simulations, arxiv (3 Jul 2024).
• A Reinforcement Learning-Based Automatic Video Editing Method Using Pre-trained Vision-Language Model, arxiv (7 Nov 2024).
• VideoDirector: Precise Video Editing via Text-to-Video Models, arxiv (26 Nov 2024).
• SPAgent: Adaptive Task Decomposition and Model Selection for General Video Generation and Editing, arxiv (28 Nov 2024).
• DIVE: Taming DINO for Subject-Driven Video Editing, arxiv (4 Dec 2024).
• Re-Attentional Controllable Video Diffusion Editing, arxiv (16 Dec 2024).
• Edit as You See: Image-guided Video Editing via Masked Motion Modeling, arxiv (8 Jan 2025).
• VideoPainter: Any-length Video Inpainting and Editing with Plug-and-Play Context Control, arxiv (7 Mar 2025).
• VACE: All-in-One Video Creation and Editing, arxiv (10 Mar 2025).
• VEGGIE: Instructional Editing and Reasoning Video Concepts with Grounded Generation, arxiv (18 Mar 2025).
• InstructVEdit: A Holistic Approach for Instructional Video Editing, arxiv (22 Mar 2025).
• OmniV2V: Versatile Video Generation and Editing via Dynamic Content Manipulation, arxiv (2 Jun 2025).
• Yan: Foundational Interactive Video Generation, arxiv (12 Aug 2025).
• EditDuet: A Multi-Agent System for Video Non-Linear Editing, arxiv (13 Sep 2025).
• Prompt-Driven Agentic Video Editing System: Autonomous Comprehension of Long-Form, Story-Driven Media, arxiv (20 Sep 2025).
• EditVerse: Unifying Image and Video Editing and Generation with In-Context Learning, arxiv (24 Sep 2025).
• ERNIE-ViLG: Unified Generative Pre-training for Bidirectional Vision-Language Generation, arxiv (31 Dec 2021).
• Unified-IO: A Unified Model for Vision, Language, and Multi-Modal Tasks, arxiv (17 Jun 2022).
• Grounding Language Models to Images for Multimodal Inputs and Outputs, arxiv (31 Jan 2023).
• Any-to-Any Generation via Composable Diffusion, arxiv (19 May 2023).
• Planting a SEED of Vision in Large Language Model, arxiv (16 Jul 2023).
• Unified Language-Vision Pretraining in LLM with Dynamic Discrete Visual Tokenization, arxiv (9 Sep 2023).
• VL-GPT: A Generative Pre-trained Transformer for Vision and Language Understanding and Generation, arxiv (14 Dec 2023).
• Unifying Generation and Compression: Ultra-low bitrate Image Coding Via Multi-stage Transformer, arxiv (6 Mar 2024).
• In-Context Translation: Towards Unifying Image Recognition, Processing, and Generation, arxiv (15 Apr 2024).
• SEED-X: Multimodal Models with Unified Multi-granularity Comprehension and Generation, arxiv (22 Apr 2024).
• Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Models, arxiv (16 May 2024).
• Libra: Building Decoupled Vision System on Large Language Models, arxiv (16 May 2024).
• GenArtist: Multimodal LLM as an Agent for Unified Image Generation and Editing, arxiv (8 Jul 2024).
• ANOLE: An Open, Autoregressive, Native Large Multimodal Models for Interleaved Image-Text Generation, arxiv (8 Jul 2024).
• Show-o: One Single Transformer to Unify Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (22 Aug 2024).
• PUMA: Empowering Unified MLLM with Multi-granular Visual Generation, arxiv (17 Oct 2024).
• VILA-U: a Unified Foundation Model Integrating Visual Understanding and Generation, arxiv (6 Sep 2024).
• UniMuMo: Unified Text, Music and Motion Generation, arxiv (6 Oct 2024).
• Janus: Decoupling Visual Encoding for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (17 Oct 2024).
• Orthus: Autoregressive Interleaved Image-Text Generation with Modality-Specific Heads, arxiv (28 Nov 2024).
• MUSE-VL: Modeling Unified VLM through Semantic Discrete Encoding, arxiv (26 Nov 2024).
• Liquid: Language Models are Scalable and Unified Multi-modal Generators, arxiv (5 Dec 2024).
• SILMM: Self-Improving Large Multimodal Models for Compositional Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (8 Dec 2024).
• ILLUME: Illuminating Your LLMs to See, Draw, and Self-Enhance, arxiv (9 Dec 2024).
• Visual Lexicon: Rich Image Features in Language Space, arxiv (9 Dec 2024).
• SynerGen-VL: Towards Synergistic Image Understanding and Generation with Vision Experts and Token Folding, arxiv (12 Dec 2024).
• MetaMorph: Multimodal Understanding and Generation via Instruction Tuning, arxiv (18 Dec 2024).
• LMFusion: Adapting Pretrained Language Models for Multimodal Generation, arxiv (19 Dec 2024).
• Dual Diffusion for Unified Image Generation and Understanding, arxiv (31 Dec 2024).
• Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scaling, arxiv (29 Jan 2025).
• QLIP: Text-Aligned Visual Tokenization Unifies Auto-Regressive Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (7 Feb 2025).
• UniCMs: A Unified Consistency Model For Efficient Multimodal Generation and Understanding, arxiv (8 Feb 2025).
• UniTok: A Unified Tokenizer for Visual Generation and Understanding, arxiv (27 Feb 2025).
• MMGen: Unified Multi-modal Image Generation and Understanding in One Go, arxiv (26 Mar 2025).
• Towards Enhanced Image Generation Via Multi-modal Chain of Thought in Unified Generative Models, arxiv (3 Mar 2025).
• SemHiTok: A Unified Image Tokenizer via Semantic-Guided Hierarchical Codebook for Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (9 Mar 2025).
• WISE: A World Knowledge-Informed Semantic Evaluation for Text-to-Image Generation, arxiv (10 Mar 2025).
• DualToken: Towards Unifying Visual Understanding and Generation with Dual Visual Vocabularies, arxiv (18 Mar 2025).
• Unified Multimodal Discrete Diffusion, arxiv (26 Mar 2025).
• Harmonizing Visual Representations for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (27 Mar 2025).
• YoChameleon: Personalized Vision and Language Generation, arxiv (29 Apr 2025).
• X-Fusion: Introducing New Modality to Frozen Large Language Models, arxiv (29 Apr 2025).
• Nexus-Gen: A Unified Model for Image Understanding, Generation, and Editing, arxiv (30 Apr 2025).
• T2I-R1: Reinforcing Image Generation with Collaborative Semantic-level and Token-level CoT, arxiv (1 May 2025).
• Ming-Lite-Uni: Advancements in Unified Architecture for Natural Multimodal Interaction, arxiv (5 May 2025).
• TokLIP: Marry Visual Tokens to CLIP for Multimodal Comprehension and Generation, arxiv (8 May 2025).
• Selftok: Discrete Visual Tokens of Autoregression, by Diffusion, and for Reasoning, arxiv (12 May 2025).
• BLIP3-o: A Family of Fully Open Unified Multimodal Models-Architecture, Training and Dataset, arxiv (14 May 2025).
• Exploring the Deep Fusion of Large Language Models and Diffusion Transformers for Text-to-Image Synthesis, arxiv (15 May 2025).
• End-to-End Vision Tokenizer Tuning, arxiv (15 May 2025).
• UniCTokens: Boosting Personalized Understanding and Generation via Unified Concept Tokens, arxiv (20 May 2025).
• UniGen: Enhanced Training & Test-Time Strategies for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (20 May 2025).
• OpenUni: A Simple Baseline for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (29 May 2025).
• Muddit: Liberating Generation Beyond Text-to-Image with a Unified Discrete Diffusion Model, arxiv (29 May 2025).
• UniRL: Self-Improving Unified Multimodal Models via Supervised and Reinforcement Learning, arxiv (29 May 2025).
• Are Unified Vision-Language Models Necessary: Generalization Across Understanding and Generation, arxiv (29 May 2025).
• UniWorld-V1: High-Resolution Semantic Encoders for Unified Visual Understanding and Generation, arxiv (3 Jun 2025).
• LaTtE-Flow: Layerwise Timestep-Expert Flow-based Transformer, arxiv (8 Jun 2025).
• Symmetrical Flow Matching: Unified Image Generation, Segmentation, and Classification with Score-Based Generative Models, arxiv (12 Jun 2025).
• Scale Your Instructions: Enhance the Instruction-Following Fidelity of Unified Image Generation Model by Self-Adaptive Attention Scaling, arxiv (22 Jul 2025).
• OneReward: Unified Mask-Guided Image Generation via Multi-Task Human Preference Learning, arxiv (28 Aug 2025).
• Reconstruction Alignment Improves Unified Multimodal Models, arxiv (8 Sep 2025).
• GenExam: A Multidisciplinary Text-to-Image Exam, arxiv (17 Sep 2025).
• MANZANO: A Simple and Scalable Unified Multimodal Model with a Hybrid Vision Tokenizer, arxiv (19 Sep 2025).
• EditVerse: Unifying Image and Video Editing and Generation with In-Context Learning, arxiv (24 Sep 2025).
• UniAlignment: Semantic Alignment for Unified Image Generation, Understanding, Manipulation and Perception, arxiv (28 Sep 2025).
• Query-Kontext: An Unified Multimodal Model for Image Generation and Editing, arxiv (30 Sep 2025).
• M6: A Chinese Multimodal Pretrainer, arxiv (1 Mar 2021).
• Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning, arxiv (29 Apr 2022).
• SPAE: Semantic Pyramid AutoEncoder for Multimodal Generation with Frozen LLMs, arxiv (30 Jun 2023).
• Emu: Generative Pretraining in Multimodality, arxiv (11 Jul 2023).
• NExT-GPT: Any-to-Any Multimodal LLM, arxiv (11 Sep 2023).
• Making LLaMA SEE and Draw with SEED Tokenizer, arxiv (2 Oct 2023).
• Kosmos-G: Generating Images in Context with Multimodal Large Language Models, arxiv (4 Oct 2023).
• Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models, arxiv (19 Dec 2023).
• Unified-IO 2: Scaling Autoregressive Multimodal Models with Vision, Language, Audio, and Action, arxiv (28 Dec 2023).
• VARGPT: Unified Understanding and Generation in a Visual Autoregressive Multimodal Large Language Model, arxiv (21 Jan 2025).
• Generative Multimodal Models are In-Context Learners, arxiv (20 Dec 2023).
• MM-Interleaved: Interleaved Image-Text Generative Modeling via Multi-modal Feature Synchronizer, arxiv (18 Jan 2024).
• AnyGPT: Unified Multimodal LLM with Discrete Sequence Modeling, arxiv (19 Feb 2024).
• PVC: Progressive Visual Token Compression for Unified Image and Video Processing in Large Vision-Language Models, arxiv (12 Dec 2024).
• Omni-RGPT: Unifying Image and Video Region-level Understanding via Token Marks, arxiv (14 Jan 2025).
• UGen: Unified Autoregressive Multimodal Model with Progressive Vocabulary Learning, arxiv (27 Mar 2025).
• OmniMamba: Efficient and Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation via State Space Models, arxiv (11 Mar 2025).
• VARGPT-v1.1: Improve Visual Autoregressive Large Unified Model via Iterative Instruction Tuning and Reinforcement Learning, arxiv (3 Apr 2025).
• FUDOKI: Discrete Flow-based Unified Understanding and Generation via Kinetic-Optimal Velocities, arxiv (26 May 2025).
• MMaDA: Multimodal Large Diffusion Language Models, arxiv (21 May 2025).
• Many-for-Many: Unify the Training of Multiple Video and Image Generation and Manipulation Tasks, arxiv (2 Jun 2025).
• Pisces: An Auto-regressive Foundation Model for Image Understanding and Generation, arxiv (12 Jun 2025).
• Ming-Omni: A Unified Multimodal Model for Perception and Generation, arxiv (11 Jun 2025).
• UniCode$^2$: Cascaded Large-scale Codebooks for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (25 Jun 2025).
• Ovis-U1 Technical Report, arxiv (29 Jun 2025).
• UniLiP: Adapting CLIP for Unified Multimodal Understanding, Generation and Editing, arxiv (31 Jul 2025).
• Hyper-Bagel: A Unified Acceleration Framework for Multimodal Understanding and Generation, arxiv (23 Sep 2025).

Spatial Consistency

Objective: Enable models to understand and generate 3D spatial structure from 2D observations.

Historical Significance: Provided methodologies for constructing internal “3D scene graphs” and understanding geometric relationships.

Representative Works

paper catalog

• NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis, ECCV 2020.
• 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering, SIGGRAPH 2023.
• EG3D: Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networks, CVPR 2022.
• Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encoding, SIGGRAPH 2022.
• Sora: A Review on Background, Technology, Limitations, and Opportunities of Large Scale Models, arXiv 2024.
• Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Prompts, arXiv 2022.
• Shap-E: Generating Conditional 3D Implicit Functions, arXiv 2023.
• DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion, ICLR 2023.
• Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creation, CVPR 2023.
• DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creation, arXiv 2023.
• GET3D: A Generative Model of High Quality 3D Textured Shapes Learned from Images, NeurIPS 2022.
• Mamba3D: Enhancing Local Features for 3D Point Cloud Analysis via State Space Model, arXiv 2024.
• Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Object, arXiv 2023.
• One-2-3-45: Any Single Image to 3D Mesh in 45 Seconds Without Per-Shape Optimization, arXiv 2023.
• Vidu4D: Single Generated Video to High-Fidelity 4D Reconstruction with Dynamic Gaussian Surfels, arXiv 2024.
• GaussianFlow: Splatting Gaussian Dynamics for 4D Content Creation, arXiv 2024.
• LLM-to-Phy3D: Physically Conform Online 3D Object Generation with LLMs, arXiv 2025.
• Hunyuan3D 2.5: Towards High-Fidelity 3D Assets Generation with Multi-View Diffusion and Reconstruction, arXiv 2025.
• Efficient 3D Shape Generation via Diffusion Mamba with Bidirectional SSMs, arXiv 2024.
• Progressive3D: Progressively Local Editing for Text-to-3D Content Creation with Complex Textural Descriptions, arXiv 2023.
• Hallo3D: Multi-Modal Hallucination Detection and Mitigation for Consistent 3D Content Generation, arXiv 2024.
• SV3D: Novel Multi-view Synthesis and 3D Generation from a Single Image using Latent Video Diffusion, arXiv 2024.
• Ca2-VDM: Efficient Autoregressive Video Diffusion Model with Causal Generation and Cache Sharing, arXiv 2024.
• Flex3D: Feed-Forward 3D Generation with Flexible Reconstruction Model and Input View Curation, arXiv 2024.
• Zero3D: Semantic-Driven Multi-Category 3D Shape Generation, arXiv 2023.
• LinGen: Enhancing Long Video Generation with Linear Attention, arXiv 2024.
• ByTheWay: Boost Your Text-to-Video Generation Model to Higher Quality in a Training-free Way, arXiv 2024.
• Pandora: Towards General World Model with Natural Language Actions and Video States, arXiv 2024.
• PhyT2V: LLM-Guided Iterative Self-Refinement for Physics-Grounded Text-to-Video Generation, arXiv 2024.
• DSC-PoseNet: Learning 6DoF Object Pose Estimation via Dual-Scale Consistency, CVPR 2021.
• A Quantitative Evaluation of Score Distillation Sampling Based Text-to-3D, arXiv 2024.
• NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fields, CVPR 2021.
• Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding, CVPR 2023.
• LiftImage3D: Lifting Any Single Image to 3D Gaussians with Video Diffusion Priors, arXiv 2024.

Temporal Consistency

Objective: Model temporal dynamics, object motion, and causal relationships in video sequences.

Historical Significance: Early explorations of the world’s “physics engine,” capturing regularities in how scenes evolve over time.

Representative Works

paper catalog

• PredRNN: A Recurrent Neural Network for Spatiotemporal Predictive Learning, TPAMI 2023.
• SimVP: Simpler yet Better Video Prediction, CVPR 2022.
• Temporal Attention Unit: Towards Efficient Spatiotemporal Predictive Learning, CVPR 2023.
• VideoGPT: Video Generation using VQ-VAE and Transformers, arXiv 2021.
• Phenaki: Variable Length Video Generation from Open Domain Textual Descriptions, ICLR 2023.
• Context-Alignment: Balanced Multimodal Alignment for LLM-Based Time Series Forecasting, arXiv preprint 2025.
• Qwen2.5-Omni: Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report, arXiv preprint 2025.
• AID: Adapting Image2Video Diffusion Models for Instruction-guided Video Prediction, arXiv preprint 2024.
• ConvLSTM: Convolutional LSTM Network: A Machine Learning Approach for Precipitation Nowcasting, NeurIPS 2015.
• Stable Video Diffusion: Scaling Latent Video Diffusion Models to Large Datasets, ICLR 2024.
• StreamingT2V: Consistent, Dynamic, and Extendable Long Video Generation from Text, CVPR 2024.
• HiTVideo: Hierarchical Tokenizers for Enhancing Text-to-Video Generation with Autoregressive Large Language Models, arXiv preprint 2025.
• DEMO: Decoupled Motion and Object for Text-to-Video Synthesis, NeurIPS 2024.
• PhyT2V: LLM-Guided Iterative Self-Refinement for Physics-Grounded Text-to-Video Generation, ICLR 2025.
• GenMAC: Compositional Text-to-Video Generation with Multi-Agent Collaboration, NeurIPS 2024.
• SwarmGen: Fast Generation of Diverse Feasible Swarm Behaviors, ICRA 2025.
• Decouple Content and Motion for Conditional Image-to-Video Generation, ICCV 2023.
• I2V-Adapter: A General Image-to-Video Adapter for Diffusion Models, CVPR 2024.
• Mo-Diff: Temporal Differential Fields for 4D Motion Modeling via Image-to-Video Synthesis, SIGGRAPH 2025.
• One-Step Consistency Distillation: OSV - One Step is Enough for High-Quality Image to Video Generation, ECCV 2024.
• Multi-Modal I2V: HuMo - Human-Centric Video Generation via Collaborative Multi-Modal Agents, NeurIPS 2025.
• Audio-Visual Sync I2V: Syncphony - Synchronized Audio-to-Video Generation with Diffusion Transformers, ICML 2025.
• FreeMask: Rethinking the Importance of Attention Masks for Zero-Shot Video Editing, ECCV 2024.
• BrushEdit: All-In-One Image Inpainting and Editing, CVPR 2025.
• DAPE: Dual-Stage Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Consistent Video Editing with Text Instructions, ICCV 2025.
• MoViE: Mobile Diffusion for Video Editing, MM 2024.
• Temporally Consistent Object Editing in Videos using Extended Attention, CVPR 2024.
• Consistent Video Editing as Flow-Driven I2V: Consistent Video Editing as Flow-Driven Image-to-Video Generation, SIGGRAPH 2025.
• Audio-Visual Joint Attention: Audio-Visual Joint Attention for Enhancing Audio-Visual Generation, NeurIPS 2025.
• Controllable Multi-Agent Editing: Controllable Multi-Agent Editing in Videos Using Text Instructions, ICCV 2025.
• MimicBrush: Zero-shot Image Editing with Reference Imitation, CVPR 2024.

🔗 Preliminary Integration: Unified Multimodal Models

Current state-of-the-art models are beginning to break down the barriers between individual consistencies. This section showcases models that successfully integrate two of the three fundamental consistencies, representing crucial intermediate steps toward complete world models.

Modality + Spatial Consistency

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